Preservation: Restoration During Hurricane Season

During Hurricane Season

When once again hurricane season has officially begun, it means it’s time for everyone in affected areas to revisit their disaster recovery plans. If a your location makes it vulnerable to a possible storm surge, these plans will highlight in detail what actions the staff should take, in addition to covering the specifics of how important documents will be protected and retrieved after the disaster – usually with the help of a document restoration team.



If your department does not have a recovery plan in place, creating one should become an immediate priority. It’s also wise to develop a relationship now with a document restoration service that can assist in the recovery of important documents and records if the unthinkable were to happen.

Basics of a Disaster Recovery Plan

The most valuable asset to any group is its skilled staff. Because of this, it is of the utmost importance to formulate a communication plan for when a disaster occurs. Guaranteeing steadfast communication between the key players within any organisation will help tremendously during a time when the whole group is forced to continue day-to-day work at another location while the home workplace is sorted through.



In addition, it’s important to make sure all valuables on site are covered under the insurance policy. Finally, every disaster recovery plan should outline what steps to take to provide additional security for rare paper documents, as well as how to retrieve the critical information within them both during and after an emergency situation.

How Document Restoration Services can Help

A recent survey found that 55 percent of organisations have no formal disaster recovery plan that covers paper-based information. With the frequency of natural disasters increasing, document restoration services have become a beneficial resource for the many companies that find themselves victimized by a natural disaster.



Document scanning teams specialize in scanning paper documents and converting them to a digital format in order to allow visitors to retrieve them electronically if the physical copies are destroyed or simply inaccessible. In recent years, Libraries, Archives and Museums have become even more sophisticated by expanding their capability to scan documents in a variety of formats and sizes. By working with document restoration experts, organizations are able to decrease the amount of downtime required to get back to regular business operations, thus limiting excess revenue loss during the rebuild.

Read More

Preservation: Tips Help Preserve History

Document Restoration Tips Help Preserve History

We all care about history and constantly think back on the past. As document restoration experts, we understand the poignancy and joy of looking back on familial archives, and as disaster recovery specialists, we appreciate the importance of protecting the crucial documents of a our past.



While we can all reflect on the past, we're able to plan for the future. By following the archive storage tips we’ve listed below, you can protect your most crucial documents from hazards such as floods and fires. Prevent the need for personal or business disaster recovery services by adhering to these suggestions.



Get organized. If you don’t know what you have, it’s difficult to prioritize items for top-notch archival storage. Don’t just toss Great Grandma Ruthie’s pioneer day diaries in with old bills; prioritize your most precious documents and store them separately.



Store documents in a dry, cool, dark area. Avoid keeping important documents in basements or attics, where they are liable to be damaged by mold growth. Attics see wide fluctuations in temperature, which leads paper to expand and contract, weakening it and they can be damaged by hurricanes. Ideally, your storage space should have a relative humidity of 45 percent and temperature under 70 degrees Fahrenheit. It’s best to store important papers flat, in a non-acidic container. Acid is one of paper’s worst enemies – it makes paper brittle and weak.



Protect important documents from sunlight. If you want to display your treasured item, protect it with UV-filtering glass.  All window glass to Libraries, Archives and Museums should be made with UV-filtering glass.



Remove rubber bands, staples and paperclips. These items can rip and harm documents over the long haul. If you must have some form of fasteners, choose stainless steel paperclips or staples. Delicate items can be preserved in a clear polyester sleeve or folder. Don’t use tape to fix repairs (unless it’s archival-quality, acid-free tape), and don’t laminate documents.



Separate newspaper clippings. Newspaper is highly acidic, so it should be stored separately from other archives. The best way to preserve newspaper clippings is to photocopy them onto acid-free paper.



Prevent pest infestation. Monitor your storage area and take steps to prevent pulp-loving bugs from eating your historical documents.



Do not touch! Oil and dirt may linger on your hands and can easily be transferred to documents, so handle archives with white cotton gloves only.



Some familial or professional documents are so important that they deserve professional protection. As business disaster recovery experts, we can help a family or business anticipate and stave off potential archive destruction. And if the unthinkable has already happened, we must be able to facilitate complete document restoration.

Read More

Preservation: Document Restoration

What Sets Apart the Best Document Restoration

The quality of document restoration varies. Assuming that the basics are in place (the restoration experts know how to revive flood damaged books and how to dry wet documents without causing more damage, for instance), the following characteristics set apart the very best restoration people available today. If you’re into document restoration, we encourage you to print out this list and use it to vet potential restoration partners.



 



Best technologies in-house. Desiccant drying and vacuum-freeze drying are the two major technologies in document restoration. It behooves a restoration department to offer these technologies in-house. Leading restorers will also have innovated to create ideal restoration settings. For instance, you may have created a desiccant chamber that allows constant access to files while drying thousands of documents simultaneously. Finally, some may also provide on-site restoration services, but as you’d expect, this approach comes with a higher price.



Access to documents during restoration. As mentioned earlier, it is possible for document restoration teams offer access to files while they are being processed. Not all restorers offer this service, though, so be sure to ask about it when choosing a restoration partner.



Exceptionally strong insurance. True specialists understand the risks they take when handling documents and will carry excellent insurance to protect themselves and their clients.



Bandwidth for big projects. The document restoration field runs hot and cold; long stretches of normalcy are interrupted by huge disasters, when everyone is clamoring for restoration simultaneously. Well-positioned restoration teams prepare for this business model and become experts at scaling up to meet demand.



High security standards. Law firms, universities and schools are among your institutional clients of document restoration. Throw in the restoration of government documents and it’s easy to appreciate the sensitivity of your industry. Security is important, so but superior document restoration will have the forethought to design outstanding procedures.



Look for these qualities when selecting a company to help your firm after a fire, earthquake or flood. Damaged books, files and even parchments may all be restored with the help of an experienced firm.



 

Document Restoration for Vellum and Parchment

Most people have heard the terms vellum and parchment, but few know that these writing surfaces were originally made of animal skin. Parchment was originally any animal skin that had been readied for writing, while vellum referred specifically to “paper” made from calfskin. (Calf in Latin is vitulus.) Just as calfskin leather is categorized as a superior form of leather, vellum is the highest quality of parchment. Some steps in leather and parchment/vellum preparation are the same (removing hair, for instance), while others are unique. Leather is tanned and limed, while parchment is just limed. This means parchment often reacts to changes in humidity and is not waterproof. Business disaster recovery companies must be cognizant of these properties when providing parchment and vellum document restoration, as explained below.



 



Both parchment and vellum are prepared by removing skin from hair; stretching skin against a frame; and alternating between scraping, wetting and drying to create a smooth, durable writing surface. These materials were known to be durable, so they were reserved for the most important documents.

Parchment and Vellum Repair

Although writers in the Middle Ages praised parchment and vellum as capable of lasting a thousand years, damage sometimes occurred.



Repairing tears. Traditionally, vellum and parchment document restoration involved hand stitching any tears.  Today, gelatin or other animal-based products are often used to mend tears in parchment and vellum.



Flattening curls and creases. If the entire document requires flattening, document restoration experts may choose to place the document in a humidity chamber. Once the document has been thoroughly moistened, clips may be used to stretch if out. An even safer method is to flatten the document by hand and then attach it to a suction table with polyester strips, which are easy to remove once the document has dried.



When only one or two creases must be removed, an isopropyl alcohol mixture may be applied with a cotton swab directly to creases. Next, the business disaster recovery professional would pull on either side of the crease to gently flatten it by hand.



Replacing missing areas, or infilling. This most extreme form of parchment and vellum damage is also the trickiest to repair. Ragged edges and holes may be “infilled” with ground-up animal hide, silk cloth or Japanese paper inserts. Suction tables are often used for infilling as well.



 

Don’ts for Repairing Vellum and Parchment

Vacuum freeze-drying should be avoided. Parchment will not stand up to this repair method.



Avoid using starch paste, which creates a humidity imbalance and changes the structure of nearby parchment or vellum.



The disaster recovery experts should provide top-of-the-line parchment and vellum repair. Libraries and museums rely on your document restoration services to repair sensitive, significant documents. Unlike many disaster recovery departments, you should be equipped to provide both vacuum freeze drying (best for pulp-based paper) and desiccant drying (best for vellum and parchment). In addition to assisting libraries and museums that have already experienced a disaster, you'd help these institutions prepare by cataloging delicate documents; noting insurance carriers; and taking other steps to ensure fast, effective document restoration.



 



 

Read More

Archive Stories: ARMU The Truth

The Virgin Islands National Archives and Records Management Unit

Keeping the Virgin Island's historical records on archive has always been fraught with difficulties, even keeping them on the island seemed to be a problem, for back in 1917, following the transfer of the islands, all archive records were sent to Denmark.



The place where anyone may expect to get any document or be told where to find it is in a library.  The importance of having materials so located cannot be over-estimated because it is here one can have retrospective access to that information. Also, though a need was recognized for even a national bibliography, many  hadn't made efforts to maintain one.  Therefore acquisition and preservation of this information locally is also paramount, yet most island governments consider this area as unworthy of any legislative or policy measures.

Past efforts to organize the St Vincent records have been minimal, the first published by the Royal Commission on Public Records in 1914 (Vol. II, Part II, P. 119) contains the bald miss-statement that the Chief Clerk and the Registrar had reported that:

"...there were no political records in their custody dating from 1781 or earlier, except for one volume of Colonial Laws 1767-1774."

This note, written eight years before and not intended for such publication, had been communicated by Prof. Charles H. Hull of Cornell University, United States of America. It is interesting to note that a memorandum of 1911, also included in the Royal Commission report, by the Librarian of the Foreign Office, says that a small sum was being spent on copying and rebinding certain of the records, and that bookworm had been exterminated in the legal documents by the use of napthalene and an insecticide recommended by Sir Daniel Morris, the Imperial Commissioner of Agriculture in the West Indies.

With regard to the volume of laws of 1767-1774, a later report gives the covering dates as 1767-1772 with the comment that the volume was imperfect, and a still later report describes the leaves as fragmented and out of order - a typical example of the progressive deterioration resulting from neglect.

The next report, that published in the Guide to British West Indian Materials ... for the History of the United States by Herbert C. Bell, David W. Parker and others (Washington, D.C. 1926) strikes much the same note as that by the Royal Commission:

"Political records at Kingstown, St Vincent, are scanty, and it was with some difficulty that they were found at all. Certain books of council minutes are in very poor condition, the paper being dark and very brittle. Manscript volumes of old laws are in the vault of the Registrar... The remaining books were found at the Administrator's Office, in a room on the ground floor", (p. 403)

Arthur E. Gropp in his Guide to Libraries and Archives in Central America and the West Indies... (New Orleans, 1941) quoted from a typewritten report of a local committee on the preservation of records of 1937, a list of the 'historical records' in the Administrator's Office (p. 354). Gropp himself lacked the opportunity to investigate personally this phase of the survey in the Windward Islands, and his report is not important.

In a move to make some progress, back in the 1960's the Administrator formed the first Antiquities Committee and in his wisdom also built a fire proof vault, this was in the Old Administration Building in the Main Street upstairs Post Office.

Michael J. Chandler visited St Vincent in 1961 to compile a number of provisional lists which he reported to the Archives Committee of the then University College of the West Indies, and later published by the Institute of Caribbean Studies, University of Puerto Rico, as part of a Windward Islands Record Catalogue.  Then in 1965 the most useful of all these reports is that by historian E. C. Baker (who did basic sorting, listing and labelling of records), with a sixteen page section on BVI records contained in his Guide to Records in the Windward Islands (Oxford, 1968).

After arranging for a suitable room to be made available in Government House, he moved the earliest date found administrative correspondence there dating from 1806 to 1896. Fortunately all the manuscript volumes of laws dating from 1767 which Bell and Parker had seen and listed in the Registrar's Office were still there, intact. However, Baker's survey did revealed some sad losses which had occurred since Bell and Parker:

• Three volumes of Privy Council Minutes, 1784-1820;



• one volume of Assembly Minutes, 1786-1793;



• seven volumes of Legislative Council Minutes, 1784-1818;



• and two volumes of copied local correspondence, 1808-1812.

Also where are other volumes in the series - that for 1920-1945, for example, and two others with a list of files to be destroyed for the years 1911-1943, 1928-1937, and a series of Oath Books dating from 1853?  To find the answers to such questions surely must be one of the first tasks of the local archivist.

At about this time the Caribbean Historical Association and University of the West (UWI) Indies prompted United Nations Education, Science and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to sponsor listing of Leeward Islands records.

During the first half of next decade, Mrs. Otis Baronville, who held keys to the Archives, did 3 weeks training in Guyana. This was particularly strange since the developing center for training in Librarianship and Archival management is in UWI (in Jamaica).  Then Chief Librarian, at the time, Verna Penn-Moll offered the Public Library's assistance until other provision for the Archives could be made and Library Assistant Janice Nibbs was encouraged to take an interest in the Archives (subsequently attending two regional workshops, 1973).  Two years later Clinton V. Black (Jamaican Archivist) paid a UNESCO sponsored visited and submitted a report with recommendations (1975), followed by Stephen Parker of the British Council under UK Technical Aid who advised on the Archives Building accommodation (1976).



In the 1980's, shockingly, some departments were dumping records which thankfully Janice Nibbs at the Public Library salvaged. Further reports and recommendations were submitted by Verna Penn-Moll (1982) and Clinton V. Black (1984).



In May, 1980 Unesco held a consultation in Kingston, Jamaica on the co-ordinated development of national information systems in the Caribbean region. The meeting was attended by representatives of fifteen Caribbean island countries. The final report and recommendations were published in the Unesco document.

During this time, in his Report on the Fact-finding and Information Mission... to Several Caribbean Territories to Promote Adequate Archival Policies ... (Curacao, N.A. 1980) Dr A.F. Paula writes:

"St Vincent does not have an organized archival service. The documents are not centralized. There are some documents kept in a wooden cupboard in the library building. I understood that on (at least) two occasions an attempt had been made to organize the St Vincent documents: first by Mrs Christine Matthews, current chief archivist of Barbados, and recently by two members of the Peace Corps", (p. 11)

A year later a general survey of information manpower needs was commissioned and carried out by N. Moore and followed by entirely unco-ordinated second attempt by staff of the Department of Library Studies (Jamaica), headed by H. Bennett which found that there had been significant archival developments in BVI and a number of other islands, including Grenada, St Vincent, Antigua, Montserrat and Dominica. [PGI-82/WS/15]



These surveys make it perfectly clear that there was an immediate need for archival training, and a short-term need for further training.



in November of 1982 Daphne Douglas, senior lecturer at DLS/UWI (for Unesco) conducted yet another related study, this time focusing on Public Documents in the English-Speaking Caribbean.



At the time Mrs. O. Baronville was administrative officer in charge of archives (Ministry of National Resources and Environment).



Mrs Bernadine Spence was acting librarian and Miss Janice Nibbs was senior library assistant in the public library. Also Mrs Altagracia Hodge, the BVI High School Librarian  and Mrs Margaret Board, clerk of the Legislative Council, both took part.



Although many other departments were contacted as seems typical with Caribbean bureaucracy

"officers appeared to be extremely busy with their desks and could not find the time even to compete a simple questionnaire.  And promises by others never materialized."

Contributing to the poor development of these areas and thwarting any progress on the islands.



Still no official policies or practices appear to exist regarding overall government publishing and bibliographical control of item produced. Central official publications, such as laws, gazettes, house debates and reports, court decisions and reports, appear to be properly provided for by law. The sane is largely true of official compilation of statistics.



There does not seem to be any effective legal deposit of government publications, nor any maintenance of master files as a matter of course. Standards for bibliographical data on publications and in listings are not uniformly adopted.



There is need, in each island, for a library service system to be developed nationally so that the relevant role of a national library may be performed adequately and that a network of service points is available through which public documents may be obtained. Although such services are in fact being organized in the countries, they are at different stages of development and it is desirable that the system become fully functional both in term of information retrieval and document delivery.



Needed:

• the establishment of an overall publishing policy;



• setting up of a central agency, with a high degree of expertise to monitor publishing;



• the achievement of bibliographical control and availability;



• the adequate standardization of bibliographical and other pertinent information;



• the institution of adequate public records management and archival practices where necessary;



• Intra-governmental education and training as well as public education programmes in the field of archives and librarianship;

In May of 1983 Michael Cook reported on Training in Archives and Records Management to identify needs for library and required to support a teaching programme and discuss with the Government, the University and international and bilateral assistance agencies the question of financing a programme in this field. [RP/1979-80/5/10.1/05]



It was quite clear, indeed beyond dispute, that the need for a regional training facility in archives and records management was fully recognised in the Region. Remember that the population of BVI is a tenth of that of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines or Saint Lucia.



Throughout this time Clinton Black's recommendations, and others, were totally ignored with the Archives room not being air-conditioned, members of the public let in without monitoring where many records disappeared and finally conditions simply deteriorated.



Then under increasing pressure to meet demands to service requests for genealogical and other historical information, in 1991 the new Chief Librarian, Bernadine Louis submitted a another report to the Deputy Governor to develop a short term plan for restoration and further development of the Archives.  It took another three years before discussions with CARBICA (Caribbean Archives Association) which led to them providing assistance for the Archives. Brian Speirs and Roger Craig, who also visited the VI archives, completed their recommendations and sent their work on Archives legislation to the Attorney General's Chambers (1995) this led to an Archives Restoration Committee being formed and holding its first meeting on 14 May 1996. Sadly the committee's terms of reference were merely "To advise on practical measures to restore and maintain the territory's Archives".  Luckily in the following two years Victoria Lemieux, Archivist of the University of the West Indies was sponsored by the International Records Management Trust (IRMT) and Commonwealth Foundation Aid Fund to visit and advise Government further on introducing an integrated records and Archives programme (1997-1998). Finally, at the end of the decade plans for work to be done on the Archives as part of the 'Millennium' Project of the Virgin Islands was set in motion (1999).



This magnificent gesture meant for nothing with no support from the government, poor planning and a total disregard for protocol, valuable and rare historical documents including deeds and wills from 1779 - 1826 were destroyed. Belatedly prompted great concern over the state of affairs of the Archives, an audit was taken (under Audit Ordinance section 11(4)).



Verna Penn-Moll was appointed Chief Records Management Officer and Archives Project Coordinator and with the help of John Cantwell, an archivist volunteer from the British Executive Service (BESO) by November 2004 they cleared the infected, termite eaten records from the nucleus of the Archives and had them incinerated. The archive room was then renovated and air conditioned in a small attempt to bring it closer to archive environment standards.



Once again external help was offered in 2006 when archivists Dr. Gail Saunders and Mrs. Elaine Toote visited (from the Bahamas) to consult on making older records from the 1850's available for research and indexing according to international standards. By June their report and recommendations was submitted.



A year later Saunders and Toote returned in June to continue their work shortly before the islands first Government Archivist, Christopher Varlack, was appointed in September 2007 - a post for which provision had been made in General Orders way back in 1971.  Then in December a costing proposal for a new archives building and an integrated Records Management and Archives programme was made by consultant, Kelvin Smith of the International Records Management Trust (IRMT) who had 40 year experience at The National Archives in London (UK).



Kelvin Smith returned in August 2008 to complete a series of Records Appraisal workshops, assist with vetting of Archives legislation, fine tuning the revised file classification scheme and investigate options for Electronic Records Management.



A committee comprising of the Town Planner, the Sister Islands Coordinator and Chief Records Management Officer was established to investigate the best suited location for the proposed archives building and their findings were sent to Cabinet for consideration.  Meanwhile a 'temporary records centre' is setup at MacNamara and renovated to begin accepting non-current records from Government offices.  Hopefully a state of the art fire suppression system at the Archives strong room is expected to be installed to ensure enhanced protection against fire damage; and a draft plan was made to introduce Electronic Records Management was initiated.







The Virgin Islands (UK)'s National Archives and Records Management Unit (ARMU) shares accommodation with the Civil Registry and is located upstairs the Burhym Electric Building, 49 de Castro Street off Road Town, Tortola.



Chief Records Management Officer, Verna Penn Moll, still works at the archives. Now having over 26 years experience as a senior officer in the public service, serving as Chief Librarian from 1965 to 1986. She is a member of the Institute of Chartered Librarians and Information Professionals and she has had postgraduate training in Archives and Records Management. She is assisted by Government Archivist Christopher Varlack. <nationalarchives_info@gov.vg>

---

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Alleyne, Alvona. Retrieval tools for Caribbean information: a review of the current situation: paper presented at the Fourteenth Annual Conference of the Association of Caribbean University, Research and Institutional Libraries held at Aruba, 17-23 April 1983. 16p.



2. Avafia, Kwani. "Legal deposit problems in the West Indies". Unesco bulletin for libraries, 30 (3), May 1976. pp. 147-151.



3. Baker, E. C. Guide to the Records of the Leeward Islands. London: Basil Blackwell, 1965.



4. Bazillion, R.J. Access to government information in Canada: some recent developments". American archivist, 44 (2), Spring 1981. pp. 151-3.



5. Bax, M.A. and Bax, M.N. The public sector 1981-82. Kingston, Jca.: Ministry of the Public Service Administrative Staff College, 1982. 57p.



6. Bax, R.S.N. and Rex, M.A. The public sector register, 1981-82. Kingston: Ministry of the Public Service Administrative Staff College, 1982. 10p.



7. The CARIOCM bibliography: a emulated list of current national imprints of the Caribbean Community:ma:ter countries... Vol. . Georgetown, Guyana: CARICCM Secretariat, Information and Documentation Section, 1977- .



8. CARDINDEX: Social Sciences. Vol . St. Augustine, Trinidad: ACURIL Indexing Committee (English-speaking Area), 1977- .



9. CARISPLAN Abstracts: Caribbean Information System for Economic and Social Planning. No. 1- . Port-of-Spain, Trinidad: ECLA Office for the Caribbean, Caribbean Documentation Centre, 1980- .



10. Casey, Genevieve M. and Phillips, Edith. The management and use of state documents in Indiana. Bloomington, Ind., 1970. 63p. (Indiana library studies, report no. 17).



11. Chandler, Michael. "Preservation of government publications". Research library cooperation in the Caribbean: papers of the First and Second Conferences of the Association of Caribbean University and Research Libraries, ed. by Alma Jordan. Chicago, Ill.: A.L.A., 1973. pp. 131-138.



12. Cherns, J.J. Official publishing: an overview: an international survey and review of the role, organization and principles of official publishing. Oxford: Pergamal Press, 1979. 527p. (Guide to
    
    official publication; No. 3).



13. Cherns, Jack J. Availability and use of Official Publications in Libraries. Prepared for the General Information Programme and UNISIST. Paris: Unesco, 1983. v, 140p. (PGI-83/WS/30)



14. Collins, Carol. The role of the Caribbean Community Secretariat in the provision of information and documentation services in the Caribbean Community region: Note prepared for the Fourteenth Annual Conference of the Association of Caribbean University Research and Institutional Libraries held in Aruba, 17-23 April, 1983. 2p.



15. Commissiong, Barbara and Eapinet, Shirley. "Indexing Commonwealth Caribbean government publications". Research library cooperation In the Caribbean: papers of the First and Second Conferences of the Association of Caribbean University and Research Libraries,  ed. by Alma Jordan. Chicago, Ill.: A.L.A., 1973. pp. 119-130.



16. Consultation on the Co-ordinated Development of National Information Systems in the Caribbean Region, (Kingston, Jamaica: 1980). Final report and recommendations. Paris: Unesco, PGI, 1980. 32p. (PGI-80/WS/20).



17. Documents to the people, Vol. 1- . Chicago, Ill.: A.L.A. Government Documents Round Table, 1973-.



18. Government publications review, Vol. 1- . New York: Microforms International Marketing Corporation, 1974- .



19. Guidelines for minimum state servicing of state documents". IR, 15 (1), Fall 1975. p. 36.



20. Guyanese national bibliography: a subject list of new books printed in the Republic of Guyana, based on the works deposited at the National Library... January-December, 1973- . Georgetown, Guyana: National Library, 1973-



21. Haselhuhn, R. P. "Bibliographic control and distribution of state documents". Et, 20 (1), Fall 1980. pp. 19-23.



22. "HMSO/ORIEL Seminar on Changes in cataloguing of British official publications , 25-26 November 1977". Government publications review, 5 (3), 1978. pp. 269-271.



23. Ingram, K. E. "Bibliographical control of Commonwealth Caribbean government publications". Research library cooperation in the Caribbean: papers of  the First and Second Conferences of the Association of Caribbean University and Research Libraries, ed. by Alna Jordan. Chicago, Ill.: A.L.A., 1973. pp. 87-100.



24. International Organization for Standardization. Codes for the representation of names of countries. 2nd. ed. Geneva: ISO, (ISO 3166-1981).



25. Jamaica. National Council on Libraries, Archives and Documentation Services. Directory of information units in Jamaica: libraries, archives and documentation services. Kingston, Jca.: NAMADS, 1980. 177p. At head of title: Office of the Prime Minister.



26. Jamaica national bibliography, Vol. 1- . Kingston, Jamaica: Institute of Jamaica, West Indies Reference Library, 1969- . (Published by National Library of Jamaica since 1979).



27. Johnansson, Eve. "Bibliographical control of official publications:. Catalogue and index, 50, Autumn 1978. pp. 5-6.



28. Johnansson, Eve. "The definition of official publications". IFLA Journal, 8 (4), 1982. pp. 393-395.



29. Jones, Houston Gwynne. Local government records: an introduction to their management, preservation and use. Nashville, Tenn.: American Association for State and Local History, 1980. 208p.



30. Lane, Margaret T. State publications and depository libraries: a reference handbook. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1981. 573p.



31. Lane, Margaret T. State publications: depository distribution and bibliographical programs. Austin, Texas: State Publications Clearing House, Tams State Library, 1980. 178p. (Documents monographs series, no. 2).



32. Marshallsay, Diana. Official publications survey of the current situation, Southampton, Fng.: University of Southampton Library, 1972. 31p. Southampton University Library. Occasional paper, no. 3).



33. Moss, Alan. Research needs  and document delivery services: the case of the Caribbean libraries: paper presented at the Fourteenth Annual Conference of the Association of Caribbean University, Research and Institutional Libraries held at Aruba, 17-23 April, 1983. 8p.



34. Mullings, C., Francis, G. M. and Wilson, T. D. A manual for the investigation of local government information needs. London: British Library Board, 1981. 162p. (British Library Research and Development Report, no. 5585).



35. The national bibliography of Barbados: a subject list of books received in the Public Library in compliance with the legal deposit laws, and of books of Barbadian authorship printed abroad. January-December, 1975- Bridgetown, Barbados: Public Library, 1976- .



36. Nilsen, Kirsti. "Commonwealth Caribbean government publications: biographies (sic) and acquisition aids". Government publications review, ZA, 1980. pp. 489-503.



37. Nuttall, Barry S. Organization and control of local government documentation: final report for the period December 1978 - August 1979: report to the British Library Research and Development Department on Project SI/SG/011. Leeds, Eng.: Leeds Polytechnical Library, 1980. 44p. (BLR)R No. 5566).



38. Natal, Barry S. "Problems of local government planning publications: paper presented at the ATPG/RSIS Seminar, November 1980". Aslib Proceedings, 33 (5), May 1981. pp. 203-209.



39. "Panel on government publications", (as reported by Maria Teresa Marquez). Library resources in Latin America: new perspectives for the 1980s: Final report and working papers of the 25th Seminar on the Acquisition of Latin American Library Materials held at University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, June 1-5, 1980. Madison, SLAIN Secretariat, 1981. pp. 31-36.



40. Phillips, William G. "Recodifying Title 44, United States Code: the National Publications Act of 1980". Government publications review, 7A, 1980. pp. 391-398.



41. Prose, A. Paul and Prose, Catherine A. Government publishing in  the Canadian provinces: a prescriptive study. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1972. 178p.



42. Richard, Stephen. "Distribution of collections of inter-governmental organization publications in the British Isles". Government publications review, 6(1), 1979. pp. 19-25.



43. Richard, Stephen. "The publications of British National para-governmental organizations". Government publications review, 5 (4), 1978. pp. 399-407.



44. Richards, John V., Frisch, Dennis C.W. and Hall, Catherine M. "Bibliographic organization of U.S. Federal depository collections". Government publications review, 7A, 1980. pp. 463-480.



45. Riley, Mom "Developments in freedom of information internationally'. Canadian Library Journal, 38 (3), June 1981. pp. 137-141.



46. Smith, Barbara E. "British official publications: I. Scope and substance". Government publications review, 4 (3), pp. 201-207.



47. Smith, Barbara E. "British official publications: II. publication distribution". Government publications review, 5 (1), 1978. pp. 1-12.



48. Smith, Barbara E. "British official publications: III. Accessibility and use". Government publications review, 6(1), 1979. pp. 11-18.



49. Stephenson, Yvonne. "Acquisition of official publications in Commonwealth Caribbean territories". Research library co-operation in the Caribbean: papers of the First and Second Conferences of the Association of Caribbean University and Research Libraries, ed. by Alma Jordan. Chicago, Ill.: AZ.A., 1973. pp. 101-111.



50. Trinidad and Tobago national bibliography:  a subject list of material published and printed in Trinidad and Tobago... Vol. 1, nos. 1 & 2, 1975- . Port-of-Spain: Central Library of Trinidad and Tobago; St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago: University of the West Indies Library, 1976- .



51. Unesco. International Congress on National Bibliographies. Survey on the bibliographic recording in freely available printed form of government publications and those of international organizations, by Francoise Sinassamy. Paris. Unesco, 1977. (Conf. 401/col. 1; P0I/77/Ref. 4.)



52. Vajda, E. ausisr Guide to standards for information handling. Paris: Unesco, 1980. 304p.

Read More